37. From this verse three cardinal principles are derived:
(1) That every person is responsible for himself for what he does.
(2) That the responsibility of one man’s act cannot be transferred to another unless he has a share in the commission of the act.
(3) That even if a person wishes he cannot take on himself the responsibility of another man’s act, nor can the actual culprit be let off on the ground that another person is willing to suffer the punishment on his behalf.